Port communicationPPP project process and model selection encyclopedia，Must collect! One ppp project identification 1、Project Initiation Government and Social Capital Cooperation Projects are initiated by the government or social capital，Mainly initiated by the government。(1)Government initiated。The Government-Private Cooperation Center should be responsible for providing transportation、Housing and construction、Environmental friendly、energy、educate、medical、Industry authorities such as sports fitness and cultural facilities solicit potential government and social capital cooperation projects。
Industry authorities can draw on new projects in national economic and social development plans and industry special plans.、Selection of potential projects among renovation projects or existing public assets。(Different from the original planned project formation mechanism of the National Development and Reform Commission，Establish a coordination mechanism) At present, local governments are exploring the establishment of a project collection and promotion mechanism，Form a basic PPP project library。(2)Social capital initiated。
Social capital should recommend potential government and social capital cooperation projects to the Government and Social Capital Cooperation Center in the form of project proposals.。2、Project Screening Center for Government and Social Capital Cooperation in conjunction with industry authorities，Evaluate and screen potential government and private capital cooperation projects，Identify alternatives。The financial department (Government and Social Capital Cooperation Center) should formulate annual and mid-term project development plans based on the screening results。
For projects included in the annual development plan，The project sponsor shall follow the guidelines of the Government and Social Capital Cooperation Center
Require
Submit relevant information。New、Renovation projects should submit a feasibility study report、Project output description and preliminary implementation plan；Existing projects should submit historical data on existing public assets、Project output description and preliminary implementation plan。
Larger investment scale、Long-term stable demand、Flexible price adjustment mechanism、Infrastructure and public service projects with a high degree of marketization，Suitable for PPP model。3、Value for Money Evaluation "PPP Value for Money Evaluation Guidelines (Trial)" Finance[2025]167Number：Projects planned to be implemented using the PPP model within the territory of the People’s Republic of China，Value for money evaluation should be carried out during the project identification or preparation stage。
Value for money evaluation includes qualitative evaluation and quantitative evaluation。At this stage, qualitative evaluation is mainly used，Encourage quantitative evaluation。The value for money evaluation conclusion is divided into "pass" and "fail"。"Passed" projects，Demonstration of financial affordability is possible；"Failed" items，Can be re-evaluated after adjusting the implementation plan，Those that have not yet passed should not adopt the PPP mode.。
Value for money evaluation data mainly includes：(Preliminary) Implementation Plan、Project output description、Risk identification and allocation、Historical data on existing public assets、(Pre-)feasibility study report for new construction or renovation and expansion projects、Design documents, etc.。
(1) Qualitative evaluation of value for money When conducting value for money evaluation in government procurement，The financial department (or PPP center) at the project level should work with the industry authorities，Clarify the qualitative evaluation process、Indicators and their weights、Basic scoring criteria
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。Qualitative evaluation indicators include the degree of integration throughout the life cycle、Risk identification and allocation、Performance orientation and encouraging innovation、potential level of competition、Government Institutional Capacity、Six basic evaluation indicators including bankability and supplementary indicators。
Supplementary evaluation indicators are mainly other influencing factors not covered by the six basic evaluation indicators.，Including project size、Expected service life、Main types of fixed assets、Accuracy of life cycle cost calculation、Operating income growth potential、Industry demonstration, etc.。
Among various evaluation indicators，The weight of the six basic evaluation indicators is 80%，The weight of any one of the indicators generally does not exceed 20%；The weight of supplementary evaluation indicators is 20%，The weight of any one of the indicators generally does not exceed 10%。The PPP Center organized an expert group meeting together with industry authorities，In principle，The score result is 60 points (inclusive) or above，through qualitative evaluation；otherwise，Failed qualitative evaluation。
(2) Quantitative evaluation of value for money The quantitative evaluation is based on the premise that the output performance of the PPP model and the traditional government investment method are the same.，By comparing the present value of the government's net cost during the entire life cycle of the PPP project (PPP value) with the public sector comparison value (PSC value)，Determine whether the PPP model can reduce project life-cycle costs。
PSC assumes that the project is financed by the government、owned and operated，And be able to use the most efficient way to provide products or services to the public，Then taking into account the differences and risks between government and corporate operation projects, the net present value of the cash flow during the entire project life cycle is calculated.。
4、Demonstration of Fiscal Capacity "Guidelines for Demonstration of Fiscal Capacity of Government-Private Cooperation Projects" is to ensure mid- and long-term fiscal sustainability.，The financial department should determine the financial expenditures during the entire life cycle of the project.、Government debt and other factors，For some projects paid by the government or subsidized by the government，Carry out financial affordability assessment，Annual fiscal expenditures such as government payments or government subsidies shall not exceed a certain proportion of fiscal revenue for that year.。
Financial expenditure responsibilities during the entire life cycle of PPP projects，Mainly includes equity investment、Operating subsidies、risk taking、Supporting investment, etc.。The Government PPP Cooperation Center is responsible for organizing and conducting demonstrations on the financial affordability of PPP projects within the administrative region.。Provincial finance departments are responsible for summarizing and counting the financial expenditure responsibilities of all PPP projects within the administrative region.，preparation of financial budget、Implementation supervision and management。
Financial affordability demonstration adopts quantitative and qualitative analysis methods，Stick to reasonable predictions、Open and transparent、Strictly control，Coordinate and handle current and long-term relationships，Strictly control the scale of fiscal expenditures for PPP projects。Fiscal affordability assessment includes fiscal spending capacity assessment and industry and field balance assessment。The assessment of fiscal expenditure capacity is based on the PPP project budget expenditure responsibility，Evaluate the impact of PPP project implementation on current and future fiscal expenditures。
All PPP projects need to arrange expenditure responsibilities from the budget in each year，The proportion of general public budget expenditure should not exceed 10%。Provincial financial departments may, based on local actual conditions,，Determine specific proportions based on local conditions，and report to the Ministry of Finance for filing，announced at the same time。
The industry and field balance assessment is based on the scope of industries and fields to which the PPP model is applicable.，As well as the needs of economic and social development and the public’s demand for public services，Balancing PPP projects in different industries and fields，Prevent PPP projects from being too concentrated in a certain industry or field。The conclusion of the financial affordability argument is divided into "passed argument" and "failed argument"。
Projects that “pass the proof”，Financial departments at all levels should prepare annual budgets and medium-term financial plans，Incorporate project financial expenditure responsibilities into budget overall arrangements。"Failed Demonstration" Projects，It is not appropriate to adopt the PPP model。
Second PPP project preparation 1、The organization and implementation agency shall follow the relevant regulations of the local government
Require
，Identify the corresponding industry management departments、Public institutions、Industry operating companies or other relevant institutions，As a government-authorized project implementation agency，Responsible for the preliminary evaluation and demonstration of PPP projects within the scope of authorization、Implementation plan preparation、Partner selection、Project contract signing、Project organization and implementation and handover upon expiration of cooperation period, etc.。
Taking into account the professional nature of PPP operations，It is usually necessary to hire a PPP consulting service structure。Project organization and implementation usually establishes project leadership groups and working groups，The leadership group is responsible for decision-making on major issues、high-level government communication、Overall work guidance, etc.，The project team is responsible for the specific development of the project company，Mainly composed of PPP consulting service agencies。
The project implementation structure requires the development of a work plan，Contains work stages、Specific work content、Implementation subject、Estimated completion time, etc.。
2、Due Diligence (1) Internal project investigation The project implementation agency prepares a research outline，should at least start with laws and policies、Economics and Finance、Grasp three aspects of the project itself，Mainly includes approval documents and authorization letters for government projects、nation、Provincial and local support for the project regarding land、Preferential policies in tax and other aspects、Relevant regulations on franchising and charging, etc.；Social and economic development status and overall development plan、Construction status of municipal infrastructure related to the project、construction planning、Existing management system、Existing charging situation and settlement and adjustment mechanism, etc.；Project feasibility study report、environmental impact assessment report、preliminary design、Related assets that have been formed、Construction status of supporting facilities、Land acquisition status of project land, etc.。
(2) Investigation of external investors based on the basic situation of the project、Industry status、Development planning, etc.，Communicate with potential investors，Obtain information about potential investors’ investment intentions，And the investment preferences of various investors、financial strength、Operational capabilities、Analyze and study project demands and other factors，Communicate with potentially suitable investors，Organize research and inspections。
3、The implementation plan is prepared through preliminary research, analysis and demonstration.，Complete the preparation of project investment implementation plan。Main contents of investment promotion implementation plan：(1) Project Overview (2) Basic Framework of Risk Allocation。
(3) PPP operation model (4) PPP transaction structure (5) PPP contract system (6) PPP regulatory structure (7) PPP procurement method 4、Implementation plan review to improve work efficiency，The financial department should work with relevant departments and external experts to establish a review mechanism for PPP projects，From the necessity and compliance of project construction、Applicability of PPP model、Financial affordability and price rationality, etc.，Evaluate project implementation plans，Ensure "value for money"。
If the project passes the evaluation, the project implementation agency will submit it to the government for review.，Those that pass the review will be advanced according to the implementation plan。There is currently a lack of corresponding experts，The division of labor within the government is unclear，The actual progress of plan review is not effective。
Three PPP project procurement 1、Project pre-review The project implementation agency should prepare pre-qualification documents based on project needs，Publish prequalification announcement，Invite social capital and financial institutions that cooperate with it to participate in pre-qualification，Verify whether the project can obtain social capital response and achieve full competition，And submit the pre-qualification review report to the financial department (Government and Social Capital Cooperation Center) for record。
The project has more than 3 social capitals that have passed the prequalification review，Project implementing agencies can continue to prepare procurement documents；The project has less than 3 social capitals that have passed the pre-qualification review，The project implementation agency should reorganize the pre-qualification review after adjusting the implementation plan；The project has been re-pre-qualified and the qualified social capital is still not enough for 3 companies，The procurement method selected by the implementation plan can be adjusted in accordance with the law。
The pre-qualification announcement should include the project authorization body、Project implementation organization and project name、Procurement requirements、Qualifications for social capital
Require
、Whether consortiums are allowed to participate in procurement activities、The number of qualified social capital companies to participate in the competition and the determination method to be determined,and the time and place for the private partner to submit pre-qualification application documents.。The time for submitting pre-qualification application documents shall not be less than 15 working days from the date of announcement。
2、Project Procurement Document Preparation Project procurement documents should include a procurement invitation、Notice to Competitors (Including Seals、sign、stamp
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wait)、Qualifications that competitors should provide、Documents proving credit standing and performance、Procurement method、Government authorization of project implementation agencies、Implementation plan approval and project-related approval documents、Procurement procedures、Response documentation
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、Deadline for submission of response documents、Opening time and location、Amount and form of deposit required for compulsory guarantee、Evaluation method、Evaluation criteria、government procurement policy
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、Draft project contracts and other legal documents, etc.。
3、Response document review project PPP operation requires the establishment of a plan review team，Determine the evaluation method。The review team shall consist of an odd number of more than 5 persons, including representatives from the project implementation agency and review experts.，The number of review experts shall not be less than 2/3 of the total number of review panel members.。The review experts can be selected by the project implementing agency.，However, the review experts should include at least one financial expert and one legal expert.。
Representatives of the project implementation agency shall not participate in the project review as review experts。Project evaluation methods should reflect the original intention of the project to provide value for money，Reflect project performance operational characteristics，Promote market competition。4、Negotiation and Contract Signing The project implementation agency should establish a special procurement results confirmation negotiation working group。
Ranking by candidate social capital，Conduct confirmation negotiations with the candidate social capital and the financial institutions that cooperate with it in turn on the variable details in the contract before signing the contract.，The first one to reach an agreement is the winner.。Confirm that negotiations must not involve non-negotiable core terms of the contract，Re-negotiations are not allowed with the social capital that is ranked first but has terminated negotiations.。
After confirming that the negotiation is completed，The project implementation agency should sign a memorandum of confirmation and negotiation with the selected social capital.，and combine the procurement results with the procurement documents、response file、The addendum document and the contract text drafted by the memorandum of confirmation of negotiation shall be made public.，The publicity period shall not be less than 5 working days。Project contracts with no objections upon expiration of the publicity period，should be reviewed and approved by the government，Signed by the project implementation agency and the selected social capital。
Need to set up a special project company for the project，After the project company is established，The project company and the project implementation agency re-sign the project contract，Or sign a supplementary contract regarding the inheritance of the project contract。Four PPP project execution 1、Project Company Establishment Social capital can establish a project company in accordance with the law。The government can designate relevant institutions to participate in project companies according to law。
The project implementation agency and the financial department (Government-Private Cooperation Center) should supervise the social capital to comply with the procurement documents and project contract.，Contribute sufficient capital on time to establish the project company。2、Project Financing Management Project financing is handled by social capital or the project company。Social capital or project companies should promptly carry out financing plan design、Agency contact、Contract signing and financing delivery, etc.。
The financial department (Government and Social Capital Cooperation Center) and project implementation agencies should do a good job in supervision and management，Prevent corporate debt from being transferred to the government。3、Performance testing and payment of social capital project implementation agencies should be based on the project contract，Supervise the performance of contractual obligations by social capital or project companies，Regularly monitor project output performance indicators，Prepare quarterly and annual reports，And report to the financial department (Government and Social Capital Cooperation Center) for filing。
Government payment obligations involved in project contracts，The financial department should make overall plans in conjunction with medium- and long-term financial planning，Incorporate into government budget at the same level，Execute in accordance with relevant regulations on budget management。The project implementation agency should follow the output description agreed in the project contract，Make timely and full payments to social capital or project companies based on actual performance directly or by notifying the financial department.。
4、Mid-term evaluation The project implementation agency should conduct a mid-term evaluation of the project every 3-5 years，Focus on analyzing project operating status and compliance with project contracts、adaptability and rationality；Promptly assess the risk of identified issues，Develop countermeasures，And report to the financial department (Government and Social Capital Cooperation Center) for filing。
Five PPP project handover 1、To whom the project will be handed over，The project implementation agency or other agency designated by the government takes back the project assets agreed in the project contract on behalf of the government。2、How to transfer the project? The transfer form should be clearly stipulated in the contract.、Compensation method、Handover content and handover standards。
The transfer forms include termination of transfer upon expiry and early termination of transfer.；Compensation methods include free transfer and paid transfer；The transfer content includes project assets、personnel、Documentation and intellectual property, etc.；The handover criteria include indicators such as equipment integrity rate and minimum useful life.。
The project implementation agency or other agencies designated by the government should form a project handover working group，Confirm the handover situation and compensation method with the social capital or project company according to the project contract.，Develop asset assessment and performance testing plans。The private partner or project company should meet the performance test
Require
project assets、Intellectual Property and Technical Legal Documents，Together with the asset list, hand it over to the project implementation agency or other agencies designated by the government.，Complete the legal transfer and management transfer procedures。
Social capital or project companies should cooperate with the work related to the smooth transition of project operations.。3、Handover follow-up projectsAfter handover is completed，The financial department (Government and Social Capital Cooperation Center) should organize relevant departments to review project outputs、Cost effective、Supervision effectiveness、sustainability、Application of government and social capital cooperation model for performance evaluation，and make the evaluation results public in accordance with relevant regulations.。PPP mode selection PPP mode selection refers to the determination of specific operation methods。
The specific operation mode of PPP is mainly composed of fee pricing mechanism、Project investment income level、Basic framework of risk allocation、Financing needs、Determined by factors such as reconstruction and expansion needs and expiration disposal。Mainly divided into three categories：Category 1：Have a clear basis for charging，Projects where operating charges can fully cover investment costs。Franchise rights can be granted through the government，Adopt build-operate-transfer (BOT)、Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT) and other models are promoted。
Category 2：Operating charges are insufficient to cover investment costs or it is difficult to generate a reasonable return、Projects that require government subsidies for partial funds or resources。Measures such as additional partial subsidies or direct investment and equity participation can be obtained through the government granting franchise rights.，Adopt build-operate-transfer (BOT)、Build-Own-Operate (BOO) and other models are promoted。Category III：For the lack of "user pays" basis、Projects that mainly rely on "government payment" to recover investment costs。
Services can be purchased through the government，Adopt build-own-operate (BOT)、Build-Lease-Operate (BRO)、Entrusted operation (O&M) and other market-oriented models are promoted。
1、Reward mechanism (BOT/BOO/BLT) 2、Operational efficiency (BOT/DBFO/BLT) 3、Risk structure (PPP/BOT/DBLT) 4、Funding requirements (BOT/TOT) 5、Fiscal funds and subsidy capabilities (DBLT/DBOT) 6、Policies and Regulations (BLT/BOO) 7、Sponsor preference and other factors. Area development project PPP area development refers to the premise that it complies with national and local planning.，Integrated transformation of areas to be developed and constructed、construction、Operation and maintenance，Usually includes primary land development、Construction and operation of infrastructure and public service facilities, etc.，new town development、Renovation of old cities is a typical form of area development.，The CITIC Binhai New City project that has attracted much attention recently、Minmetals Trust’s Shenfu New City project has announced the adoption of the PPP model。
Key factors in the construction of PPP model for area development projects：1、Depending on the clarity of project boundaries、Income status、risk structure etc.，Determine whether to adopt a single operation or a composite operation；2、divided by tax、The land revenue sharing model moves toward government purchase using paid services、Profit model structure of secondary land resource redevelopment；3、Regional development government revenue、Investor service purchase fee、Area development value、Financing and other matching，Comprehensive investment and financing planning is crucial；4、Contributions based on the capabilities of potential investors，Establish a portfolio investment structure，Strengthen resource integration and capital operation capabilities；Hospital Project PPP China’s future hospital development and public hospital reform have become the focus of society，Hospital construction brings huge financial needs，The reform of public hospitals involves multiple interests。
Promote hospital construction through PPP model，Explore the public-private partnership hospital operation and management model，It is of great significance to the development of my country’s health industry。
Key factors in constructing PPP model for hospital projects：1、Nature of the new hospital (public hospital、Socialized non-profit hospital、Socialized for-profit hospital) has an important impact on the operation of the entire project；2、Social investors need to establish an appropriate participation model based on their own strategies，Their profit methods vary，Including business-oriented operations and construction management operations。
3、Hospital PPP operations involve the government、medical school、Hospital、doctor、Investors and other interests，It is crucial to properly handle the interests of all parties；4、Future public hospital reform、Changes in drug policy have an important impact on the choice of PPP model；Hospital project DBLT hospital project BOT hospital project BOO elderly care project PPP At present, our country is strengthening the work on aging.，Greater emphasis has been placed on developing causes for the elderly，And put the construction of the elderly care service industry on the important agenda，Become an important part of party and government work。
Compared with the growing demand for elderly care，The government seriously lags behind in capital investment，The development of the PPP model for senior care is of extraordinary significance to the development of our senior care industry.。
Key factors in constructing the PPP model of senior care projects：1、Investment in elderly care projects is relatively large、High operating costs，Project construction、Operating subsidies、Financing subsidies have an important impact on project construction and operation；2、In view of the current pension structure in our country,，Comprehensive elderly care project (development of supporting elderly care society)、Asset-light operations、A diversified investor portfolio has obvious
Advantages
；3、The government purchase of elderly care services in the future will have an important impact on the future development of elderly care projects.，in purchase category、Purchase levels and other aspects need to be further expanded.，Asset-light operations purchased by government services are the key to solving structural problems in elderly care operations；Elderly care project DBLT+ entrusted operation model Elderly care project BOO municipal road project PPP municipal roads are purely public welfare no-charge projects in urban infrastructure construction，Have large investment scale、Long construction period、The construction progress is urgent and other characteristics，If the traditional model of constructing municipal roads is directly funded by the government,，Often puts considerable pressure on local finances。
Key factors in the construction of PPP model for municipal road projects：1、PPP, which relies on the purchase of government services, has an important impact on the financial strength and contract performance spirit of local governments.，It determines the investment and financing structure of the PPP model、reward system、risk structure。
2、PPPs relying on resource compensation are subject to the complexity of land development.、Market factors such as land transactions have a greater impact，Requires accurate value judgment ability；3、Municipal road projects establish a flexible investor exit mechanism，For integrating multiple investors, bringing together all parties
Advantages
have important influence；Municipal road project BOT municipal road project RCP urban underground pipe gallery project BOT urban sports center project ROT waste incineration power generation project BOO (T)
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