About the whole-process risk management of credit business (carefully compiled，Recommended to collect! )

About the whole-process risk management of credit business (carefully compiled，Recommended to collect! ) as a bank customer，How to pass credit management，Pay attention to pre-loan investigation during business development process、Loan review and post-loan inspection，Carry out full-process risk management，Give full play to yourself

Advantages

，What about doing something and not doing anything? actually，It's not difficult to do this。

Specifically, it is the ten processes for credit approval.，All can be controlled according to the following three risk management processes:：First, the risk port has been moved forward to improve the credit plan.；The second is to optimize the review and approval process to improve quality.；The third is regular communication and coordination to draw inferences from one example to other cases。one、The whole-process risk management process of credit business is essentially risk avoidance，Realize benefits，To ensure the safety of institutional credit funds、Liquidity and profitability。

Generally speaking，A credit business should mainly include at least ten processes。1、Credit application。When the borrower needs credit funds，should be based on the organization’s

Require

Submit a credit application，and promise that the information provided is legal and valid.。

The main contents include：Basic information of the borrower (borrower name、Business scope、financial status, etc.)，Basic information on applying for credit (including types of credit)、Amount、the term、interest rate、Guarantee method、use、Loan plan and repayment plan, etc.)，If it involves project credit，Project status should also be provided。2、Credit acceptance。

After receiving relevant information from the borrower, the institution，Designate customers for acceptance，According to the borrower’s situation，Design credit products，and discuss with the borrower，Determine credit plan。3、Credit investigation。

After the institution determines the credit plan,，Survey conducted by customers，Collect borrower information (borrower credit application form、business license、tax registration certificate、Organization code certificate、Articles of Association、purchase and sale contract、Bank statement etc.，If project credit is involved，Project status should be provided)，Analyze borrower's credit status、financial condition、Business conditions, etc.，Evaluate project effectiveness and borrower’s ability to repay principal and interest。

At the same time, analyze the borrower's guarantee capacity，If it involves mortgage (pledge)，It is necessary to analyze the ownership status of the mortgage (pledge) property、Market value and mortgage rate, etc.，The client writes an investigation report based on the investigation content，Propose investigation conclusions and relevant risk control measures。4、Credit review。

The client submits the investigation report to the approval department，The approval department conducts risk assessment based on investigation reports and credit-related information.，Borrower's financial status、Business conditions、Review of repayment ability and guarantee situation，Set appropriate prerequisites and management based on key risks

Require

，Keep risks within control。5、Credit approval。

The person with the authority to approve will follow the "Separation of Approval and Loan"、The principle of “level-by-level review and approval”，investment in credit funds、Credit amount、Make decisions on terms, interest rates, etc.，Sign approval opinions step by step。6、Contract signing。The institution and the borrower should jointly sign a loan contract，Clarify the rights and operations of both borrowers and lenders，The basic content includes loan types、Amount、the term、interest rate、Purpose and repayment guarantee, etc.。

Guaranteed credit extension，The institution also needs to sign a guarantee contract with the guarantor，For mortgage (pledge) guarantee credit，The institution also needs to sign a mortgage (pledge) contract，and handle mortgage procedures, etc.。

1. Credit issuance。The organization establishes independent departments or positions，Responsible for credit review and issuance。Before granting credit, ensure that the borrower meets the contract withdrawal conditions，And manage the payment of credit funds in accordance with the contract stipulations，Supervise the actual use of credit purposes。
2. Credit payment。

Institutions should establish independent departments or positions，Responsible for credit payment review and payment operations。At present, entrusted payment method is generally used，The institution pays the credit funds directly to its counterparty through the borrower's account，Ensure that credit is used for the agreed purpose。9、Post-loan management。

Institutions should monitor borrowers’ use of credit facilities，Track and understand the borrower’s financial status and repayment ability，Check the validity of the mortgage (pledge) and the guarantor’s guarantee ability，The client regularly collects the borrower's financial statements，and understand the actual production and operation status of the borrower or the actual construction status of the project。10、Credit withdrawal or disposal。The institution should notify the borrower of the due repayment of principal and interest before the credit expires.。

For credit extension，Institutions should evaluate the reasonableness and feasibility of extension；For borrowers who are unable to repay the credit on time due to temporary operating difficulties，Institutions can negotiate with borrowers for credit reorganization；For bad credit，Institutions should adopt write-off or preservation measures in accordance with regulations。two、The main contents of full-process risk management in credit business are based on the relevant processes of institutional credit business.，Integrate full-process risk management

Require

Can be controlled according to three risk management processes。

First，Move risk port forward，On-site demonstration，Propose risk control measures，Improve and optimize credit plans。second，Optimize the review and approval process to improve quality，Targeted prerequisites and management

Require

，Make it more operational，Facilitates post-loan management。

third，Communicate regularly with the Asset Monitoring Department，Understand the monthly increase in bad credit，Analyze the main causes of bad credit，and provide relevant suggestions on how to avoid such risks during the credit approval process.，learn by analogy。1、Move risk ports forward to improve credit plan。

Risk control intervenes in some comprehensive projects in advance，Assist customers with on-site surveys，Understand the borrower’s basic situation and the true status of the project，Propose targeted risk control measures，Improve and optimize credit plans；For some projects with immature conditions，Go to the site for investigation with the branch marketing department，Gradually improve the credit plan。

For example，An institution reported a land bank loan，Loan amount 200 million yuan，Term 5 years，The interest rate is based on the benchmark interest rate for the same term，Providing mortgage guarantee with reserved land use rights。

Risk control should go to the site with customers and others to check the progress of land reserve，Actual construction progress，And understand the basic situation of the project (project four to scope、land area、Have obtained certificates, etc.)，Project investment structure and financing structure (land compensation fee in total investment、Land reclamation fees, etc.，Amount and proportion of own funds in financing, etc.)，Source of repayment (land auction income and return ratio, etc.)，Guarantee status (ownership status of mortgaged property)、Collateral value、mortgage rate, etc.)。

Customers collect relevant information based on the loan information list (table below)，Check whether the borrower is a government financing platform、Are the project certificates complete?、Is the total investment legal and reasonable?、Is the financing structure reasonable?、Are the sources of repayment sufficient?、Whether the collateral is valid and sufficient, etc.。

If the total investment exceeds the approval of the National Development and Reform Commission，Specific reasons for overspending should be stated，Reasons for overspending should be sufficient；Insufficient sources of project repayment，Supplementary sources of repayment should be provided；Collateral value is high，It is recommended to increase collateral，Reduce loan risk；Risk control assists clients in proposing risk control measures，Improve credit plan，Report to credit approval department。2、Optimize the review and approval process to improve quality。

Institutional review and approval personnel should be independent from other departments，Maintain independence in review and approval，And according to different approval authority，Timely review and approval of credit，Improve work efficiency，Targeted prerequisites and management

Require

，Make it more operational，Facilitates post-loan management。Risk control is based on investigation reports and related information provided by customers，Review credit in the following order。

The author still analyzes the land reserve loan case.：

1. First understand whether the borrower is a government financing platform，if，The new platform loans must meet five conditions:，at the same time，Its investment is limited to the construction of affordable housing with repayment capacity.，Including public rental housing、low-rent housing、affordable housing、Resettlement housing、Renovation of dilapidated houses in shantytowns、Large residential communities, etc.，and uses specified by regulatory structures such as water infrastructure construction.。
2. Please refer to the table above，Analyze the completeness and validity of the information provided by the borrower，If the information is incomplete，The data will be reviewed and analyzed after it is complete.。
3. Understand the basis for determining the total project investment，Analyze whether there is approval from the National Development and Reform Commission，The total investment of the project is generally determined according to the approval of the National Development and Reform Commission.，If the total investment determined in the final project exceeds the total investment approved by the National Development and Reform Commission，Specific reasons should be stated，Basis for analyzing the reasons，If the basis is not sufficient，The total investment of the project shall be determined in accordance with the approval of the National Development and Reform Commission。

Check invoices and vouchers carefully，Analyze whether the invested project funds are in place，Whether the invoice amount matches the invested funds, and whether the invested funds match the construction progress.，And analyze whether the capital is sufficient and effective，Project capital shall not be less than 20% of the total project investment，If the borrower has multiple projects，Capital should be apportioned，And analyze whether the capital of this project is sufficient。

1. Understand the main content of repayment sources，In the case of land transfer income from relocation plots，The use of the land needs to be determined according to the controlled detailed plan，Analysis is for residential use、Office use or commercial and residential use, etc.，You can then go to Soufun.com to check the recent land transfer income for the same purpose next to the land parcel.，And consider factors such as net land rate to determine whether the project’s expected land transfer income is reasonable.，Also consider the return ratio，The borrower can actually obtain land transfer income，Analyze whether the principal and interest of the loan can be covered。

In addition, understand the borrower’s external financing scale，Analyze whether the scale of external financing and the income available are reasonably matched，if unreasonable，Other sources of supplementary repayment should be provided。

1. Understand how the loan is secured，If a mortgage (pledge) guarantee is used，You need to indicate the mortgage (pledge) property right certificate number、rights holder、The premises are located、land properties、land area、Building area、Value of mortgage (pledge) and identification method、statutory right to priority、Mortgage (pledge) rate, etc.，Understand whether the collateral is currently used for rent or for self-use，If the collateral is rented，The lessee should be informed of the mortgage。

If a guarantee is adopted，then the guarantor should be evaluated，What is the credit rating?、Current assets and liabilities、Business conditions，Analyze whether it has guarantee capabilities。Land reserve loans require advance registration，You should pay attention to the procedures related to advance notice registration.。3、Regular communication, coordination and drawing inferences from one example。

Communicate regularly with the Asset Monitoring Department，Understand the monthly increase in bad credit，Analyze the main causes of bad credit，This is specifically due to the incomplete pre-loan investigation.，Still not careful when reviewing loans，Or the post-loan inspection was not in place?，and provide relevant suggestions on how to avoid such risks during the credit approval process.，learn by analogy，Improve credit quality。

For example，Since 2013, steel trading companies have begun to “run away”，The main reason is that the authenticity verification of trade background is not strict.，Post-loan management is not in place，Insufficient tracking of credit funds leads to continuous expansion of credit。

Steel trading companies deposit 30% deposit and issue bank acceptance bills of 10 million yuan，Exposures are mostly mutual insurance or joint insurance，Then go to another bank to discount the bank acceptance draft，The discounted funds are then used to issue bank acceptance bills，Such a cycle，300Tens of millions of yuan in capital can ultimately lead to tens of millions or even hundreds of millions of yuan in credit，Credit risks are infinitely magnified，Once a capital chain is broken,，The banknote cannot be returned on time，In addition, the guarantor’s actual compensatory ability is relatively poor.，Bank credit suddenly became overdue on a large scale and had a chain reaction。

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