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本文主要介绍了香港放债行业的基本情况

Financial card care question

:The money lending industry has a long history in Hong Kong。本文主要介绍了香港放债行业的基本情况门立法《放债人条例》和香港持牌放债人公会制定的《放债人营运守则》的主要内容并实地考察了两家放债机构总结了其经营中的特点在此基础上提出了几点启示一、The money lending industry has a long history in Hong Kong。

According to the definition of Hong Kong’s Money Lenders Ordinance,"Money lender" means any person who carries on the business of money lending or advertises or claims or in any way represents that he is engaged in such business。

As of the end of November 2010,There are 624 licensed money lenders in Hong Kong,154 companies applied for license renewal,32 companies are applying for licenses,2106 licenses expired,94 applications were rejected,撤回申请214家香港放债人不吸收公众存款,Only engaged in money lending business,Mainly include:(1)personal and business credit;(2)mortgage;(3)car、office equipment、heavy machinery、Factory leasing;(4)Credit card financing、promissory note discount;(5)Small and medium enterprise loans;(6)mortgage loan;(7)银团借贷等二香港针对专业放债机构的专门立法《放债人条例1980年12月香港颁布《放债人条例》,divided into 5 parts,36strip。

  1. Part one:、Confidentiality, etc.。
  2. part two:Restrictions on carrying on business as a moneylender、License application、License validity period、License revocation and suspension、License transfer。
  3. part three:moneylender's deal,including agreement form、Money lender’s duty to provide information to borrowers、Money lender’s duty to provide information to guarantor、Borrower repays early、Illegal agreements, etc.。
  4. Part 4:Prohibition on excessive interest rates;
  5. Part 5:Restrictions on money lending advertising、Registrar and police investigative powers、Penalties and Disqualifications、Burden of proof, etc.
  6. A license is required to operate money lending business in Hong Kong,Lending to unspecified majority in Hong Kong without any relationship with the Hong Kong Monetary Authority,Need a license。

按照《条例》规定,Anyone operating a money lending business in Hong Kong must obtain a money lender's license,License management is at the Government Companies Registry。Because money lending is a special industry,So the registration office will go to the police station (police station) to check the background.,The police play a decisive role in issuance of license plates。The license is valid for 12 months,The license must be renewed when it expires。

The Money Lenders Ordinance stipulates,Unlicensed money lending business,will be fined and imprisoned,由无牌放债人贷出的款项不受法律保护(二)两层架构的利率限制:Interest rates less than 48% are legal,More than 60% is illegal,48%60%The Money Lenders Ordinance stipulates,with certain exceptions,The annual interest rate on loans by any person (whether a licensed moneylender or not) shall not exceed 60%,超过均属违法利率小于60%大于48%不一定合法,It depends on the judge's judgment。

Judges have discretion in this range,Therefore, in order to avoid getting into lawsuits, Hong Kong’s commercial banks and money lenders,贷款利率都低于48%禁止以过高利率放债的两层利率架构(48%和60%)是参考香港当时的商业惯例和其它国家(例如英国)的法例而决定的

  1. 放债机构的任何广告必须展示牌照内指明的放债人的姓名或名称,Must state the annual interest rate proposed to be charged。
  2. Registrar or police officer of the rank of Superintendent and above,合理地怀疑某放债人已犯《条例》所列罪行则可进入放债人的营业场所

Require

出示及查阅该放债人的牌照、accounts、文件等相关资料《西部金融》2012年第6(五)不当追债近期的例子是,2009Year,Some members reported that some foreign domestic helpers left Hong Kong after borrowing money from money lenders.,Moneylenders often cause nuisance to former employers of domestic helpers in collecting outstanding debts。

There are also debt collection agencies that post personal information about relatives in public places in order to collect debts.。

Relevant officials pointed out in 2010,Money lenders provide personal information to debt collection agencies,放债人并不因此而免除其作为主事人的责任必须确保其雇佣的收债公司遵守条例规定香港政府很关注不良收债行为对市民构成的骚扰,Through measures such as strengthening law enforcement and close supervision of debt collection practices by various regulatory agencies,积极防止及打击这类行为相关举报数字由2005年的20610宗下降至2009年的18203宗,20102009年相比也呈下降趋势另外也有议员收到投诉反映部分放债人审批贷款时过于宽松向没有收入或信贷记录的青少年发放大笔贷款议员认为这对青少年的成长造成不良影响而其父母最终很有可能须代他们还款三自律组织与自律规则香港持牌放债人公会及其制定的《放债人营运守则》(一)自律组织该公会是香港放债行业的同业组织,Founded in December 1999,More than 30 members。

Guild Responsibilities:

  1. Safeguard and protect the overall interests of licensed money lenders,Develop industry business operating codes;
  2. Encourage mutual exchange and cooperation among fellow moneylenders,Improve and promote business ethics and self-discipline among moneylenders;
  3. 在现行法律和《放债人条例》下就放债业事务到政府及有关机构进行游说、consultation,The goal is to strive to become a credible and influential、authoritative representative and advisory bodies,提高放债业的社会地位同业公会为什么会员如此少,Industry insiders pointed out:This is because many money lending companies have unclear backgrounds.,So the guild’s censorship is very strict,Only companies with clear backgrounds,to become a member
  4. 自律规则《放债人营运守则《放债人营运守则》:2002Year,香港持牌放债人公会发布自律性的业务运作指引
  5. Emphasis on protecting consumer rights。
  6. Protect borrowers’ right to know the terms of service。
  7. Protect the privacy of customer data。
  8. 人群的平等信贷机会,Customers with disabilities should not be discriminated against,Don’t just rely on family status(For example, single parent)、sexual orientation、Discriminate against customers on the basis of age or race

Require

Clarify the content of credit assessment,Ensure loan applicants understand the key terms of the loan contract。

  1. 考察申请人的还款能力后才可审批贷款或透支
  2. 放债人应向客户提供贷款的利率利率在贷款期内是否会更改制定利息的基准必要时应包括年利率及计算用的每年(包括闰年和非闰年)的天数等
  3. Restrictions on the conduct of debt collection agencies hired by moneylenders。
  4. Money lenders should establish a formal contractual relationship with the debt collection agency they hire.。

(2放债人应在合同内或以书面明确,Debt collection companies are in the process of collecting debts,Do not threaten or use violence, either verbally or physically, against anyone。放债人应规定追债公司不得采取骚扰性或不正当的追债手段四、1、贷款大部分是个人信用贷款

从担保方式看所调研的两家放债机构无抵押的信用贷款占75%贷款占25%抵押品基本全是房地产目前设备等动产抵质押放贷机构不接受从贷款对象看,80%的贷款贷给了个人从普通老百姓到医生、lawyer、政府高官都有贷款不问用途20%的贷款贷给了企业主要是流动资金贷款

相比之下调研的这两家放贷机构在内地的全资贷款公司,90%的贷款是贷给中小企业2贷款的期限利率和单笔贷款额度不同放债机构不一样两家放债机构贷款1年期的多最长期限为20年短的有10多天、1个月的贷款贷款利率高低取决于对申请者的评级最高利率为48%最低利率有担保的3%无担保的12%

放债机构反映竞争使利率在下降放债人不可收手续费但实际上个别也有变相收取所有

cost

算做利率的一部分利率不超过48%所调研的一家放债机构在香港只贷给个人无担保或抵押最大额度30万全是信用贷款拒贷率50%(不给企业放贷而其在内地的贷款公司主要给企业放贷但是放给企业主个人)

另一家放债机构的信用贷款最高100万有抵押的可以到1000万以上3两家龙头放贷机构ROE20%左右NPL不高资产质量随经济周期有起伏所调研的两家公司ROE20%左右好一点的放贷机构不良率不高学生贷款的不良率最低

催收贷款一般聘请专业收款公司收款公司的分成比例二八开或者三七开《西部金融》2012年第6个人陷入债务危机可以再融资此时放债机构与所有债权人协商利率下调贷款展期

当然个人也可宣布破产香港个人破产4年后重新开张,Japan、美国是7年很少发生好资产或者坏资产的转让但是由于竞争有的放债公司经常在别的放债公司门前挖走客户办法是帮客户还款后自己再以更低利率重新给客户发放贷款4效率高是放债机构的竞争

Advantages

最快的半小时之内可以放出贷款但是与商业银行市场不重叠正面竞争

放债机构放贷效率非常高内部个人评级系统积累时间长加上成熟的外部征信系统其半小时之内就可放出去个人贷款其中一家龙头放债机构近几年的新客户多于商业银行拓展的新客户

放债机构认为他们与银行没有竞争因为客户都是银行不要的客户客观上银行也给放贷机构创造了一些市场空间,for example,香港银行信用卡欠账利率为30%多,47%(比较之下目前按揭贷款利率2%)针对这一情况放贷机构就拓展一种业务放贷款替持卡人还清欠款信用卡欠款欠款余额月还款额度总利息支出HK$570,000HK$27,822HK$794,104294HK$570,000+HK$100,000下降46%HK下降81%HK减少246个月485政府的监督管理基本自由放任前提是放债机构不违反《放债人条例》

The Money Lenders Ordinance stipulates:长及警方有进入放债人营业场所查阅簿册等权力但是调研中两家最大的放债机构都认为香港是自由经济大家依法自由经营注册处和警方没有检查过

牌照每年更新警方否决放债人牌照的原因投诉多有不法行为近两年政府召集放债机构代表开过会讨论放债市场这也是放贷机构推动的6由于资金来源渠道多元(人民币债券上市等)市场定位准确监管负担较低机构都没有转为商业银行的计划香港放债机构的资金来源渠道多元没有计划转为商业银行

香港放债人融资渠道包括

  1. 自有资金
  2. 上市
  3. 发债(2011年4月所调研的一家放债公司发了3年期、4%的5亿人民币债券)
  4. 银团贷款(所调研的一家放债公司通过银团贷款融入30亿港币左右利率
  5. 25%,属于信用贷款)等等

银行给放贷机构授信时,有的不需要抵押担保有的需要由于资金来源渠道有保证监管负担轻所以这两家都没有变为商业银行的计划甚至由于资本回报较高新的股东想进来老股东都拒绝7积极拓展内地市场

所调研的放债机构已经在沈阳重庆天津成都昆明大连、company,其中一家2010年在内地贷款余额同比增长123%五(一)对不吸收公众存款一般不会出现系统性风险不会倒逼公共资源(如向作为最后贷款人的央行申请再贷款)救助的非吸收存款类放债人没必要实施审慎监管

依法自由交易风险损失自负

  1. 非审慎监管不等于不管,middle、远期加快出台我国放债人相关法律法规对非特定多数人放贷必须申请牌照依法经营立法时可以研究
  2. 是否需要规定“利率高于一定水平为非法”?
  3. 规范放债产业链上的所有重要环节如收债行为广告行为等

About Hong Kong Xintong

Hong Kong Xintong focuses onHong Kong Securities and Futures Commission licenseHong Kong Insurance Broker LicenseHong Kong MSO Licenseandmoneylenders licenseApply for service,Assist customers to applyUS MSB license、NFA、RIA、Canadian MSB license、Mainstream overseas financial licenses such as Australia and Mexico,Support enterprises to achieve compliance expansion of cross-border financial business。Also availableCayman Islands Offshore Company Registration、Offshore fund establishment and global compliance operations and other services,Help enterprises expand their presence in international markets。Provide one-stop compliance solutions for enterprises。To learn more,Please contactHong Kong Information Communications Consultant

Editing of articles in this issue:

Picture of Zheng Yanlin

Zheng Yanlin

Zheng Yanlin has experience in the field of commercial lending regulatory compliance in Hong Kong. 9 years of experience,Served as head of the regulatory and risk management department of a money lending business entity,Responsible for money lender license application、Compliance policy development、Risk assessment and regulatory document preparation,Communicate supervision system requirements with regulators and coordinate internal control processes。

Areas of expertise:Money Lender License Application、Compliance policy development、risk assessment、Requirements for supervisory party (Police Force) communication and supervision system。

Previous institutions:Hong Kong Business Lending & Money Lending Compliance Team Leader

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